The form Việt Nam (越南) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình. The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Hải Phòng that dates to 1558.[26] In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, Gia Long asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. Emperor Jiaqing refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in southern China, so he decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,[19][27][28] meaning per Classical Chinese word order "land to the south of the Viet land" (Vietnamese: vùng đất phía Nam đất Việt) but the Vietnamese just understood "Việt Nam" as either, also per Classical Chinese word-order, "Viet people's Southern country" (Vietnamese: nước Nam của người Việt)[18] or even "Viet of the South", per Vietnamese word order.[17] Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long. It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).[29] The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in Huế adopted Việt Nam.[30] History Main article: History of Vietnam For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vietnamese history. Prehistory and early history Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age. Stone artefacts excavated in Gia Lai province have been claimed to date to 780,000 years ago,[31] based on associated find of tektites, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.[32] Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam.[33] The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.[34][35][36] Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have been found at Dong Can,[37] and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu,[38][39] Lang Gao[40][41] and Lang Cuom.[42] Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the Maritime Jade Road, as ascertained by archaeological research.[43][44][45][46] By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-rice cultivation in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of Đông Sơn culture,[47][48] notable for its bronze casting used to make elaborate bronze Đông Sơn drums.[49][50][51] This culture spread to the rest of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast Asia, throughout the first millennium BC.[50][52] Dynastic Vietnam For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule. Đại Việt, Champa, Angkor Empire and their neighbours, late 13th century Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia According to Vietnamese legends, Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state established in Vietnam (then known as Xích Quỷ and later Văn Lang).[53] Văn Lang was established by Lạc Việt tribes,[54] who were likely a confederacy of multilingual Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai speakers that occupied the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam.[55][56] In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes, who came from southern China,[57] to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương.[58] In 179 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue.[48] However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War.[27][59] For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule.[60][61][62] Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu,[63] were temporarily successful,[64] though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602.