There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[29] Bones from Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, Homo luzonensis, who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.[30][31] The oldest modern human remains on the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[32] Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along southern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul.[33] The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ijangs)[34] and northern Luzon. Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,[35][36] with lingling-o jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.[37] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities.[38] Early states (900–1565) Main article: History of the Philippines (900–1565) A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines draped in gold The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which was written in Old Malay using the early Kawi script.[39] By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of societal changes.[40] Some polities had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.[41]: 3 [42] Trade with China began during the late Tang dynasty,[43][44] and expanded during the Song dynasty.[45][46][44] Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were part of the tributary system of China.[19]: 177–178 [41]: 3  With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought Southern Chinese merchants and migrants from Southern Fujian,[47][48][49] who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices began to spread in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu Majapahit Empire.[50][51] By the 15th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there.[40] Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include Maynila,[52] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Caboloan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[53] The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.[41]: 3 [54]: 672  Among the nobility were leaders known as datus, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (barangays or dulohan).[55] When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,[41]: 3 [56] their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[57]: 58 [38] rajah or sultan,[58] and would rule the community.[59] Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries[57]: 18  due to the frequency of typhoons and the Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.[60] Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by Lapulapu's men in the Battle of Mactan.[61]: 21 [62]: 261  Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934) Main articles: History of the Philippines (1565–1898) and History of the Philippines (1898–1946) Manila, 1847 Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain in 1565.[63][64][65]: 20–23  Many Filipinos were brought to New Spain as slaves and forced crew,[66] whereas many Latin Americans were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.[67] The Philippines hosts the only Latin American established districts in Asia.[68][69] Spanish Manila became the capital of the Captaincy General of the Philippines and the Spanish East Indies in 1571,[70][71] Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.[72] The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of divide and conquer,